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factors of history

  • 1 фактор

    временные факторы — transitory / transient factors

    долговременно действующий фактор, фактор долговременного действия — long-term / long-run factor

    институционный фактор (влияние государства, профсоюзов, объединений на экономическую жизнь общества) — institutional factor

    кратковременно действующий фактор, фактор кратковременного действия — short-term factor

    определяющий фактор — test / governing factor

    основной фактор — major / principal / dominant factor

    периодически действующий / циклический фактор — cyclical factor

    производственный фактор, фактор производства — factor of production

    решающий фактор — determinant, decisive factor

    явиться решающим фактором — to be a decisive factor, to turn the scale

    случайный фактор, фактор случайности — chance / random factor

    стимулирующий фактор — motivating / incentive factor

    субъективные факторы, факторы субъективного порядка — subjective factors

    технологический фактор, фактор технического прогресса — technology factor

    человеческий фактор — human factor / dimension

    экономические факторы — economic(al) factors / forces

    факторы, не поддающиеся количественному выражению — nonquantifiable factors

    фактор, обусловливающий колебания курсов эк. — fluctuating principle

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > фактор

  • 2 regir

    v.
    1 to rule, to govern.
    2 to govern.
    3 to govern (linguistics).
    4 to be in force, to apply (ley).
    5 to be in effect, to predominate, to be in force, to prevail.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ELEGIR], like link=elegir elegir
    1 (gobernar) to govern, rule
    2 (dirigir) to manage, direct, run
    3 LINGÚÍSTICA to govern
    1 (ley etc) to be in force, apply; (costumbre) to prevail
    1 (guiarse) to follow, abide ( por, by), go ( por, by)
    \
    el mes que rige the present month
    no regir familiar to have a screw loose
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ país] to rule, govern; [+ colegio] to run; [+ empresa] to manage, run
    2) (Econ, Jur) to govern
    3) (Ling) to take
    2. VI
    1) (=estar en vigor) [ley, precio] to be in force; [condición] to prevail, obtain
    2) [con mes, año]

    el mes que rige — the present month, the current month

    3) (=funcionar) to work, go
    4) * (=estar cuerdo)

    no regir — to have a screw loose *, not be all there *

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( gobernar) to govern
    b) ley/disposición to govern
    c) (Ling) to take
    2.
    regir vi ley/disposición to be in force, be valid
    3.
    regirse v pron

    regirse por algo — sociedad to be governed by something; economía/mercado to be controlled by something o subject to something

    * * *
    = govern, obtain, hold + sway (over).
    Ex. It is not sufficient merely to describe the processes that govern the creation and generation of indexing and abstracting data.
    Ex. This simple rule obtains no matter what the type of book may be, unless the publishing house is enabled to run at a loss through some form of external subsidy.
    Ex. This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    ----
    * regir el destino = determine + destiny.
    * regirse = run.
    * regir una decisión = govern + decision.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( gobernar) to govern
    b) ley/disposición to govern
    c) (Ling) to take
    2.
    regir vi ley/disposición to be in force, be valid
    3.
    regirse v pron

    regirse por algo — sociedad to be governed by something; economía/mercado to be controlled by something o subject to something

    * * *
    = govern, obtain, hold + sway (over).

    Ex: It is not sufficient merely to describe the processes that govern the creation and generation of indexing and abstracting data.

    Ex: This simple rule obtains no matter what the type of book may be, unless the publishing house is enabled to run at a loss through some form of external subsidy.
    Ex: This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    * regir el destino = determine + destiny.
    * regirse = run.
    * regir una decisión = govern + decision.

    * * *
    regir [I8 ]
    vt
    1 (gobernar) to govern
    el partido que rige los destinos de la nación the party which controls o governs o determines the nation's destiny
    2 «ley/disposición» to govern
    las leyes que rigen el comportamiento humano the laws governing o which determine human behavior
    los factores que rigen la economía the factors governing the economy o which control the economy
    el reglamento que rige la adjudicación de premios the rules governing the awarding of prizes
    3 ( Ling) to take
    preposiciones que rigen acusativo prepositions which take the accusative
    ■ regir
    vi
    A «ley/disposición» to be in force, be valid
    esa ley ya no rige that law is no longer valid o in force
    ese horario ya no rige that timetable no longer applies o is no longer valid
    B
    ( Esp fam) (carburar): esa chica no rige or no rige bien that girl's not all there ( colloq)
    los valores morales por los que todavía se rige esta comunidad the moral values which still hold sway in this community, the moral values by which the community is still governed
    el mercado libre se rige por las leyes de la oferta y la demanda the free market is controlled by o is subject to the laws of supply and demand
    los criterios por los cuales se rige la organización the criteria which are the basic tenets of the organization
    * * *

     

    regir ( conjugate regir) verbo transitivo
    to govern
    verbo intransitivo [ley/disposición] to be in force, be valid;

    regirse verbo pronominal regirse por algo [ sociedad] to be governed by sth;

    [economía/mercado] to be controlled by sth o subject to sth
    regir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un país, una conducta) to govern, rule
    2 (un negocio) to manage, run
    3 Ling to take
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (una ley, moda, un horario) to be valid o in force, apply [ para, to]
    2 (la mente de alguien) to have all one's faculties
    3 (un mecanismo) to work, go
    ' regir' also found in these entries:
    English:
    govern
    - operate
    - operation
    - take
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [gobernar] to rule, to govern
    2. [administrar] to run, to manage
    3. Ling to take;
    este verbo rige la preposición “de” this verb takes the preposition “de”
    4. [determinar] to govern;
    las normas básicas que rigen la convivencia en una sociedad the basic rules governing how people live together in a society
    ♦ vi
    1. [ley] to be in force;
    rige una moratoria sobre la caza de ballenas a moratorium on whaling is in force;
    rige el toque de queda en la zona a curfew is in force in the area;
    la ley regirá con efecto retroactivo the law will apply retrospectively
    2. [funcionar] to work;
    este reloj no rige this watch doesn't work
    3. Fam [persona]
    la abuela ya no rige grandma has gone a bit gaga
    * * *
    I v/t rule, govern
    II v/i apply, be in force
    * * *
    regir {28} vt
    1) : to rule
    2) : to manage, to run
    3) : to control, to govern
    las costumbres que rigen la conducta: the customs which govern behavior
    regir vi
    : to apply, to be in force
    las leyes rigen en los tres países: the laws apply in all three countries

    Spanish-English dictionary > regir

  • 3 condicionante

    f. & m.
    contributing factor.
    m.
    determinant.
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    SM ó SF determining factor, determinant
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo determining
    II
    masculino determinant (frml)
    * * *
    = conditioner, conditional, conditioning factor.
    Ex. Considers the emerging market and the traditional market for library-information professionals, in conjunction with the stereotype as a conditioner of acceptability in new employment venues.
    Ex. Committee approval was conditional in that it could incur no cost on the rates.
    Ex. The affirmation of freedom against constructivism does not mean the denial of the existence of conditioning factors in society or history.
    ----
    * factor condicionante = conditioning factor.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo determining
    II
    masculino determinant (frml)
    * * *
    = conditioner, conditional, conditioning factor.

    Ex: Considers the emerging market and the traditional market for library-information professionals, in conjunction with the stereotype as a conditioner of acceptability in new employment venues.

    Ex: Committee approval was conditional in that it could incur no cost on the rates.
    Ex: The affirmation of freedom against constructivism does not mean the denial of the existence of conditioning factors in society or history.
    * factor condicionante = conditioning factor.

    * * *
    determining
    determinant ( frml), determining factor
    * * *

    condicionante adjetivo determining: fueron muchos los factores condicionantes de su decisión, there were many determining factors behind her decision
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    determining
    ♦ nm
    determinant
    * * *
    I adj determining
    II m determinant, determining factor

    Spanish-English dictionary > condicionante

  • 4 evolución

    f.
    1 evolution, progress, advance.
    2 development.
    * * *
    1 (cambio) evolution; (desarrollo) development
    2 (vuelta) turn
    3 MILITAR manoeuvre (US maneuver)
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Bio) evolution
    2) (=desarrollo) evolution, development
    3) (Med) progress
    4) (Mil) manoeuvre, maneuver (EEUU)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol) evolution
    b) (de ideas, sociedad) development, evolution; ( de enfermedad) development; ( de enfermo) progress
    2) (de avión, pájaro) circle; (de gimnasta, patinador) evolution (frml)
    * * *
    = development, evolution.
    Ex. Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    ----
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * evolución de los datos = data trend.
    * evolución histórica = historical evolution.
    * evolución temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * línea indicativa de la evolución de una gráfica = trend line [trend-line].
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.
    * teoría de la evolución, la = theory of evolution, the.
    * trazar la evolución de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * trazar la evolución de Algo = chart + progress, chart + the history.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol) evolution
    b) (de ideas, sociedad) development, evolution; ( de enfermedad) development; ( de enfermo) progress
    2) (de avión, pájaro) circle; (de gimnasta, patinador) evolution (frml)
    * * *
    = development, evolution.

    Ex: Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.

    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * evolución de los datos = data trend.
    * evolución histórica = historical evolution.
    * evolución temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * línea indicativa de la evolución de una gráfica = trend line [trend-line].
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.
    * teoría de la evolución, la = theory of evolution, the.
    * trazar la evolución de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * trazar la evolución de Algo = chart + progress, chart + the history.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Biol) evolution
    2 (de las ideas, la sociedad) development, evolution; (de una enfermedad) development; (de un enfermo) progress
    la evolución de la situación energética nacional the changes in o evolution of the country's energy situation
    B (de un avión, pájaro) circle; (de un gimnasta) movement, evolution; ( frml) (de un patinador) figure, evolution ( frml)
    * * *

     

    evolución sustantivo femenino
    a) (Biol) evolution

    b) (de ideas, sociedad, enfermedad) development;

    ( de enfermo) progress
    evolución sustantivo femenino
    1 Biol evolution
    2 (de los acontecimientos, de un negocio) development
    ' evolución' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    doblete
    - escalón
    - progreso
    English:
    develop
    - evolution
    - progress
    - progression
    * * *
    1. [progreso] [de sociedad, situación, negociaciones] development, progress;
    [de enfermo] progress;
    me preocupa la evolución económica del país I'm concerned about the way the country's economy is going;
    la evolución tecnológica technological development o progress;
    una sociedad en plena evolución a rapidly developing society
    2. [cambio] change
    3. [de especies] evolution;
    la evolución de las especies marinas the evolution of marine life
    4. [movimiento]
    contemplaban las evoluciones del jugador en la banda they watched the player warming up on the sidelines;
    me gusta ver las evoluciones de los aviones en el aeropuerto I like watching planes taking off and landing at the airport
    5. Mil manoeuvre
    * * *
    f
    1 BIO evolution
    2 ( desarrollo) development
    * * *
    evolución nf, pl - ciones
    1) : evolution
    2) : development, progress
    * * *
    1. (en biología) evolution
    2. (desarrollo) development

    Spanish-English dictionary > evolución

  • 5 averiguar

    v.
    1 to find out.
    2 to quarrel, to argue.
    * * *
    (unstressed u; gu changes to gü before e)
    Past Indicative
    averigüé, averiguaste, averiguó, averiguamos, averiguasteis, averiguaron.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperative
    averigua (tú), averigüe (él/Vd.), averigüemos (nos.), averiguad (vos.), averigüen (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT to find out, establish frm

    nunca averiguaron quién era el asesino — they never found out o frm established o discovered who the killer was

    ya han averiguado la identidad del padre — they have found out o frm established o discovered the identity of the father

    averiguar las causas de un problema — to find out o frm establish the causes of a problem

    un estudio para averiguar el alcance de la tragedia — a study to find out o frm establish the extent of the tragedy

    han averiguado que el presidente malversaba fondos — it has been established o discovered that the president was embezzling funds

    -¿quién ha roto el vaso? -¡averigua! — "who broke the glass?" - "who knows!"

    2.
    VI CAm, Méx * (=pelear) to quarrel
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to find out

    averigua a qué hora sale el tren — find out o check what time the train leaves

    2.
    averiguar vi (Méx) to quarrel, argue

    averiguárselas — (Méx)

    averiguárselas con alguien — (Méx) to deal with somebody

    * * *
    = ascertain, find out, uncover, come to + light, puzzle out, figure out, lay + hands on, check into, check up on, keep + tabs on, get + a sense of, make + enquiry, gain + a sense of, tease apart, ferret out, suss (out).
    Ex. If no edition or imprint date can be ascertained, then an attempt is made to provide a date from amongst any other dates given on the work, such as copyright dates, and reprint dates.
    Ex. For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    Ex. It requires an extraordinarily astute librarian to uncover this shortcoming at the interview stage.
    Ex. A further disquieting feature which came to light was the number of people who did not approach staff for help.
    Ex. It is certainly easier to ask for the trusted opinion of a relative or friend than to try and puzzle out where other sources of answers might be found.
    Ex. It turns out that the public, the students, have figured out that that's a way of doing some kind of subject searching, and they do it all the time.
    Ex. It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    Ex. You might want to check into local firms that do that sort of work.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. Jones (1997) examined several young adult Web pages to get a sense of the quantity and quality of teen Web pages in libraries around the country.
    Ex. The author discusses the general tendency noted for more girls than boys to make enquiries at the library.
    Ex. The best way of gaining some sense of what life used to be like is through the literature of the time.
    Ex. The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex. As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex. He was incredulous when he sussed that the noises came from bona-fide gibbons.
    ----
    * acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].
    * averiguar cómo = figure out how.
    * averiguar el límite de Algo = plumb + the depths of.
    * averiguar el precio = cost.
    * averiguar la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * averiguar lo que ocurre alrededor = put + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * averiguárselas = manage to, get by.
    * averiguar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * persona que intenta averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooter.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to find out

    averigua a qué hora sale el tren — find out o check what time the train leaves

    2.
    averiguar vi (Méx) to quarrel, argue

    averiguárselas — (Méx)

    averiguárselas con alguien — (Méx) to deal with somebody

    * * *
    = ascertain, find out, uncover, come to + light, puzzle out, figure out, lay + hands on, check into, check up on, keep + tabs on, get + a sense of, make + enquiry, gain + a sense of, tease apart, ferret out, suss (out).

    Ex: If no edition or imprint date can be ascertained, then an attempt is made to provide a date from amongst any other dates given on the work, such as copyright dates, and reprint dates.

    Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    Ex: It requires an extraordinarily astute librarian to uncover this shortcoming at the interview stage.
    Ex: A further disquieting feature which came to light was the number of people who did not approach staff for help.
    Ex: It is certainly easier to ask for the trusted opinion of a relative or friend than to try and puzzle out where other sources of answers might be found.
    Ex: It turns out that the public, the students, have figured out that that's a way of doing some kind of subject searching, and they do it all the time.
    Ex: It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    Ex: You might want to check into local firms that do that sort of work.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: Jones (1997) examined several young adult Web pages to get a sense of the quantity and quality of teen Web pages in libraries around the country.
    Ex: The author discusses the general tendency noted for more girls than boys to make enquiries at the library.
    Ex: The best way of gaining some sense of what life used to be like is through the literature of the time.
    Ex: The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex: As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex: He was incredulous when he sussed that the noises came from bona-fide gibbons.
    * acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].
    * averiguar cómo = figure out how.
    * averiguar el límite de Algo = plumb + the depths of.
    * averiguar el precio = cost.
    * averiguar la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * averiguar lo que ocurre alrededor = put + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * averiguárselas = manage to, get by.
    * averiguar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * persona que intenta averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooter.

    * * *
    vt
    to find out
    se trata de averiguar el motivo de esta tragedia the aim is to establish the cause of o to find out what caused this tragedy
    no pudieron averiguar su paradero they couldn't find out where he was, they were unable to ascertain his whereabouts ( frml)
    averigua a qué hora sale el tren find out o check what time the train leaves
    ■ averiguar
    vi
    ( Méx) to quarrel, argue
    averiguárselas ( Méx): me las averiguaré para conseguir el dinero I'll manage to get the money somehow
    averiguárselas con algn ( Méx); to deal with sb
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    averiguar    
    averiguar algo
    averiguar ( conjugate averiguar) verbo transitivo
    to find out
    verbo intransitivo (Méx) to quarrel, argue;
    ◊ averiguárselas (Méx) to manage

    averiguar verbo transitivo to ascertain

    ' averiguar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ver
    - descubrir
    - enterarse
    English:
    ascertain
    - check up on
    - find out
    - trace back
    - find
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [indagar] to find out
    ♦ vi
    CAm, Méx [discutir] to argue, to quarrel
    * * *
    I v/t find out
    II v/i C.Am., Méx ( discutir) argue
    * * *
    averiguar {10} vt
    1) : to find out, to ascertain
    2) : to investigate
    * * *
    averiguar vb to find out [pt. & pp. found]

    Spanish-English dictionary > averiguar

  • 6 disciplina académica

    (n.) = academic discipline, academic field
    Ex. Factors such as age,type, format of document, as well as previous instruction and academic discipline of users were considered.
    Ex. The influence of muckrakers has been so great that, paradoxically, they seem easy to ignore in constructing a history of the academic field of communication.
    * * *
    (n.) = academic discipline, academic field

    Ex: Factors such as age,type, format of document, as well as previous instruction and academic discipline of users were considered.

    Ex: The influence of muckrakers has been so great that, paradoxically, they seem easy to ignore in constructing a history of the academic field of communication.

    Spanish-English dictionary > disciplina académica

  • 7 factor condicionante

    Ex. The affirmation of freedom against constructivism does not mean the denial of the existence of conditioning factors in society or history.
    * * *

    Ex: The affirmation of freedom against constructivism does not mean the denial of the existence of conditioning factors in society or history.

    Spanish-English dictionary > factor condicionante

  • 8 limitar

    v.
    1 to limit, to restrict.
    han limitado la velocidad máxima a cuarenta por hora they've restricted the speed limit to forty kilometers an hour
    este sueldo tan bajo me limita mucho I can't do very much on such a low salary
    Ricardo limitó las reglas Richard limited the rules.
    El médico limitó al paciente The doctor limited the patient.
    2 to mark out (terreno).
    3 to set out, to define (atribuciones, derechos).
    4 to border.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to limit
    1 to border with
    \
    limitarse a + inf to restrict oneself to + gerund, do no more than + inf
    * * *
    verb
    to restrict, limit
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=restringir) to limit, restrict

    nos han limitado el número de visitas — they have limited o restricted the number of visits we can have

    2.
    VI
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <funciones/derechos> to limit, restrict
    2. 3.
    limitarse v pron

    limitarse a algo: el problema no se limita únicamente a las ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to cities; me limité a repetir lo que tú habías dicho I just repeated what you'd said; limítate a hacerlo — just do it

    * * *
    = bound, confine, constrain, limit, reduce, restrict, tie down, restrain, circumscribe, disable, box in, narrow down, border, fetter, hem + Nombre + in.
    Ex. Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.
    Ex. Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.
    Ex. Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex. This limits the need for libraries to reclassify, but also restricts the revision of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme.
    Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex. There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex. Use of the legal data bases is partly restrained by cost considerations, partly by the fact that their coverage is not exhaustive and partly by the reserved attitude of the legal profession and the judiciary.
    Ex. Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex. There are socializing factors which further disable those children who lack such basic support.
    Ex. What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex. By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex. The Pacific Rim encompasses an enormous geographical area composed of all of the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, east and west, from the Bering Straits to Antarctica.
    Ex. Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    ----
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * limitar con = border on.
    * limitar el debate a = keep + discussion + grounded on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <funciones/derechos> to limit, restrict
    2. 3.
    limitarse v pron

    limitarse a algo: el problema no se limita únicamente a las ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to cities; me limité a repetir lo que tú habías dicho I just repeated what you'd said; limítate a hacerlo — just do it

    * * *
    = bound, confine, constrain, limit, reduce, restrict, tie down, restrain, circumscribe, disable, box in, narrow down, border, fetter, hem + Nombre + in.

    Ex: Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.

    Ex: Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.
    Ex: Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex: This limits the need for libraries to reclassify, but also restricts the revision of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme.
    Ex: The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex: There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex: Use of the legal data bases is partly restrained by cost considerations, partly by the fact that their coverage is not exhaustive and partly by the reserved attitude of the legal profession and the judiciary.
    Ex: Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex: There are socializing factors which further disable those children who lack such basic support.
    Ex: What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex: By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex: The Pacific Rim encompasses an enormous geographical area composed of all of the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, east and west, from the Bering Straits to Antarctica.
    Ex: Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * limitar con = border on.
    * limitar el debate a = keep + discussion + grounded on.

    * * *
    limitar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹funciones/derechos/influencia› to limit, restrict
    las disposiciones que limitan la tenencia de armas de fuego the regulations which restrict o limit the possession of firearms
    es necesario limitar su campo de acción restrictions o limits must be placed on his freedom of action
    habrá que limitar el número de intervenciones it will be necessary to limit o restrict the number of speakers
    le han limitado las salidas a dos días por semana he's restricted to going out twice a week
    ■ limitar
    vi
    limitar CON algo to border ON sth
    España limita al oeste con Portugal Spain borders on o is bounded by Portugal to the west, Spain shares a border with Portugal in the west
    limitarse A algo:
    yo me limité a repetir lo que tú me habías dicho I just repeated o all I did was repeat what you'd said to me
    no hizo ningún comentario, se limitó a observar he didn't say anything, he merely o just stood watching
    limítate a hacer lo que te ordenan just confine yourself to o keep to what you've been told to do
    el problema no se limita únicamente a las grandes ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to big cities
    tiene que limitarse a su sueldo she has to live within her means
    * * *

    limitar ( conjugate limitar) verbo transitivo ‹funciones/derechos› to limit, restrict
    verbo intransitivo limitar con algo [país/finca] to border on sth
    limitarse verbo pronominal:
    ◊ el problema no se limita a las ciudades the problem is not confined o limited to cities;

    me limité a repetir lo dicho I just repeated what was said
    limitar
    I verbo transitivo to limit, restrict: tengo que limitar mis gastos, I have to limit my spending
    II verbo intransitivo to border: limita al norte con Francia, at North it borders on France

    ' limitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    constreñir
    - tapiar
    - lindar
    English:
    border on
    - confine
    - limit
    - narrow down
    - restrict
    - border
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [restringir] to limit, to restrict;
    quieren limitar el poder del presidente they want to limit o restrict the president's power;
    han limitado la velocidad máxima a cuarenta por hora they've restricted the speed limit to forty kilometres an hour;
    este sueldo tan bajo me limita mucho I can't do very much on such a low salary
    2. [terreno] to mark out;
    limitaron el terreno con una cerca they fenced off the land
    ♦ vi
    to border ( con on);
    limita al norte con Venezuela it borders on Venezuela to the north
    * * *
    I v/t limit; ( restringir) limit, restrict
    II v/i
    :
    limitar con border on
    * * *
    restringir: to limit, to restrict
    limitar con : to border on
    * * *
    1. (restringir) to limit
    2. (tener frontera) to border
    España limita con Francia Spain borders on France / Spain has a border with France

    Spanish-English dictionary > limitar

  • 9 marcar

    v.
    1 to mark.
    ese acontecimiento marcó su vida her life was marked by that event
    marcar el ritmo to beat the rhythm
    Ella marca los paquetes She marks the packages.
    Ella marca el territorio She marks=delimits the territory.
    2 to mark, to indicate.
    la cruz marca el lugar donde está enterrado el tesoro the cross marks o indicates (the spot) where the treasure is buried
    3 to dial.
    Ella marca su número She dials his phone number.
    4 to read.
    5 to price (poner precio a).
    6 to score (sport) (tanto).
    7 to set (cabello).
    8 to leave a mark on, to pit, to nick.
    María marcó el mueble Mary left a mark on the piece of furniture.
    9 to earmark.
    María marcó la página Mary earmarked the page.
    10 to put a brand on, to brand, to mark.
    El vaquero marca el ganado The cowboy puts a brand on the cattle.
    11 to tick off, to jot down, to tick.
    Ella marca los goles She ticks off the goals.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (señalar) to mark; (ganado) to brand
    3 DEPORTE (gol, canasta) to score
    5 (pelo) to set
    6 (cantidad) to indicate, show
    ■ ¿qué precio marca la etiqueta? what's the price on the tag?
    7 (en teléfono) to dial
    8 (resaltar) to show
    \
    marcar el compás to mark the rhythm
    marcar el paso to mark time
    marcarse un farol to show off
    marcarse un tanto, marcarse un triunfo to score points
    * * *
    verb
    5) dial
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=señalar)
    a) [+ objeto, ropa] to mark; [+ ganado] to brand

    ha marcado las toallas con mis iniciales — she has put my initials on the towels, she has marked the towels with my initials

    ¿qué precio marca la etiqueta? — (Com) what's the price (marked) on the label?

    están marcando las camisas — (Com) they are putting prices on the shirts, they are pricing the shirts

    b) [+ límites] to mark
    c) (Inform) [+ bloque, texto] to flag
    d) (Mús) [+ partitura] to mark up
    2) [experiencia, suceso] to mark
    3) [termómetro] to read

    mi reloj marca las dos — it's two o'clock by my watch, my watch says two o'clock

    4) (=designar) [+ tarea] to assign; [+ política, estrategia] to lay down; [+ directrices, pautas] to lay down, give; [+ comienzo, período] to mark
    hito 1), pauta 1)
    5) (=hacer resaltar) to accentuate
    paquete 1., 7)
    6) (=seguir) [+ sospechoso] to shadow, tail
    7) (Dep)
    a) [+ gol] to score
    b) [+ tiempo] to record, clock

    ha marcado un tiempo de 9,46 — he recorded o clocked a time of 9.46

    c) [+ jugador, contrario] to mark, shadow; Méx to tackle
    8) (Mús)

    marcar el compás — to keep time, beat time

    paso II, 1., 4)
    9) (Telec) to dial
    10) (Naipes) to bid
    11) (Peluquería) to set
    2. VI
    1) (Dep) to score
    2) (Telec) to dial
    3) (Peluquería) to set
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( con señal) <ropa/página/baraja> to mark; < ganado> to brand
    b) experiencia/suceso ( dejar huella) to mark
    c) (CS arg) < persona> to scar... for life
    2)
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark

    el altímetro marcaba 1.500 metros — the altimeter showed o (frml) registered 1,500 meters

    seguimos la pauta marcada por nuestro fundador — we follow the guidelines established by/the standard set by our founder

    b) ( hacer resaltar) <cintura/busto> to accentuate
    c) (Mús)

    marcar el compás/el ritmo — to beat time/the rhythm

    d) (Fís) to mark, tag
    3) < pelo> to set
    4) (Telec) to dial
    5) (Dep)
    a) <gol/tanto> to score
    b) < tiempo> to clock
    c) < jugador> to mark
    2.
    marcar vi
    1) (Dep) to score
    2) (Telec) to dial
    3.
    marcarse v pron
    1)

    marcarse el pelo — (refl) to set one's hair; (caus) to have one's hair set

    2) (Náut) to take a bearing
    * * *
    = flag, mark, mark off, tag, tick (off), leave + Posesivo + mark, brand (as), stigmatise [stigmatize, -USA], tinge, score, score.
    Ex. Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. Human intervention may also be necessary to mark off the area in the string on the title page that should be indexed, and possibly to add an imprint date if not present.
    Ex. It is occasionally useful for administrative purposes to be able to tag borrowers so that they may be intercepted during charge-out.
    Ex. In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex. Unfortunately, age and lack of proper care have left their marks on many valuable publications, some of which can no longer be used today.
    Ex. Music by Jewish composers and works were branded in Nazi Germany as degenerate art.
    Ex. Findings reaffirm that television stigmatises the occupation of business, independently of economic factors.
    Ex. But the relief was tinged with apprehension that the new housing would lead to slums and crime, as some opponents have long feared.
    Ex. Ithaca was off to a fast start, scoring twice in the game's first two minutes.
    Ex. Closed system tendencies, such as invoking system controls designed to counteract differences and correct deviations (thus scoring creativity as error), only push the institution more rapidly toward extinction.
    ----
    * acción de marcar un número = dialling.
    * marcar con filigrana = watermark.
    * marcar con tiza = chalk.
    * marcar con un círculo = encircle, circle.
    * marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * marcar el comienzo = usher in.
    * marcar el compás = beat + time.
    * marcar el curso = chart + course.
    * marcar el final = mark + the end.
    * marcar el inicio = usher in.
    * marcar el tono = establish + the tone.
    * marcar la diferencia = make + the difference, make + a difference, spell + the difference.
    * marcar la pauta en = lead + the way in.
    * marcar las pautas = set + the tone, establish + the tone.
    * marcar los límites = mark out.
    * marcar + Posesivo + final = mark + Posesivo + end.
    * marcar una etapa = mark + a stage.
    * marcar una meta = set + goal.
    * marcar un ensayo = score + a try.
    * marcar un gol = score + goal, score, poach + a goal.
    * marcar un hito = mark + a stage, make + things happen, mark + a watershed.
    * marcar un hito histórico = make + history.
    * marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.
    * marcar un objetivo = set + goal.
    * marcar un tanto = score, poach + a goal, score + goal.
    * que marca época = landmark.
    * que marca un hito = epoch-making.
    * sin marcar = unpriced.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( con señal) <ropa/página/baraja> to mark; < ganado> to brand
    b) experiencia/suceso ( dejar huella) to mark
    c) (CS arg) < persona> to scar... for life
    2)
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark

    el altímetro marcaba 1.500 metros — the altimeter showed o (frml) registered 1,500 meters

    seguimos la pauta marcada por nuestro fundador — we follow the guidelines established by/the standard set by our founder

    b) ( hacer resaltar) <cintura/busto> to accentuate
    c) (Mús)

    marcar el compás/el ritmo — to beat time/the rhythm

    d) (Fís) to mark, tag
    3) < pelo> to set
    4) (Telec) to dial
    5) (Dep)
    a) <gol/tanto> to score
    b) < tiempo> to clock
    c) < jugador> to mark
    2.
    marcar vi
    1) (Dep) to score
    2) (Telec) to dial
    3.
    marcarse v pron
    1)

    marcarse el pelo — (refl) to set one's hair; (caus) to have one's hair set

    2) (Náut) to take a bearing
    * * *
    = flag, mark, mark off, tag, tick (off), leave + Posesivo + mark, brand (as), stigmatise [stigmatize, -USA], tinge, score, score.

    Ex: Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.

    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: Human intervention may also be necessary to mark off the area in the string on the title page that should be indexed, and possibly to add an imprint date if not present.
    Ex: It is occasionally useful for administrative purposes to be able to tag borrowers so that they may be intercepted during charge-out.
    Ex: In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex: Unfortunately, age and lack of proper care have left their marks on many valuable publications, some of which can no longer be used today.
    Ex: Music by Jewish composers and works were branded in Nazi Germany as degenerate art.
    Ex: Findings reaffirm that television stigmatises the occupation of business, independently of economic factors.
    Ex: But the relief was tinged with apprehension that the new housing would lead to slums and crime, as some opponents have long feared.
    Ex: Ithaca was off to a fast start, scoring twice in the game's first two minutes.
    Ex: Closed system tendencies, such as invoking system controls designed to counteract differences and correct deviations (thus scoring creativity as error), only push the institution more rapidly toward extinction.
    * acción de marcar un número = dialling.
    * marcar con filigrana = watermark.
    * marcar con tiza = chalk.
    * marcar con un círculo = encircle, circle.
    * marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * marcar el comienzo = usher in.
    * marcar el compás = beat + time.
    * marcar el curso = chart + course.
    * marcar el final = mark + the end.
    * marcar el inicio = usher in.
    * marcar el tono = establish + the tone.
    * marcar la diferencia = make + the difference, make + a difference, spell + the difference.
    * marcar la pauta en = lead + the way in.
    * marcar las pautas = set + the tone, establish + the tone.
    * marcar los límites = mark out.
    * marcar + Posesivo + final = mark + Posesivo + end.
    * marcar una etapa = mark + a stage.
    * marcar una meta = set + goal.
    * marcar un ensayo = score + a try.
    * marcar un gol = score + goal, score, poach + a goal.
    * marcar un hito = mark + a stage, make + things happen, mark + a watershed.
    * marcar un hito histórico = make + history.
    * marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.
    * marcar un objetivo = set + goal.
    * marcar un tanto = score, poach + a goal, score + goal.
    * que marca época = landmark.
    * que marca un hito = epoch-making.
    * sin marcar = unpriced.

    * * *
    marcar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (con una señal) ‹ropa/página/baraja› to mark; ‹ganado› to brand
    marca la respuesta correcta con una cruz mark the correct answer with a cross, put a cross next to the correct answer
    2 «experiencia/suceso» (dejar huella) to mark
    aquel desengaño la marcó para siempre that disappointment marked her for ever
    una generación marcada por la violencia y el desorden a generation marked by violence and unrest
    3 (Inf) ‹opción/cuadro› to check ( AmE), tick ( BrE)
    4 (CS arg) to scar … for life
    B
    1 (indicar, señalar) to mark
    este artículo/el precio de este artículo no está marcado there is no price (marked) on this article
    dentro del plazo que marca la ley within the period specified by the law
    el reloj marca las doce en punto the time is exactly twelve o'clock
    el altímetro marcaba 1.500 metros the altimeter showed o ( frml) registered 1,500 meters
    su muerte marca el final de una era his death signals o marks the end of an era
    hoy ha marcado un nuevo mínimo it has reached a new low today
    seguimos la pauta marcada por nuestro fundador we follow the guidelines established by/the standard set by our founder
    el año ha estado marcado por hechos de especial relevancia the year has been marked by particularly significant events
    2
    (hacer resaltar): el vestido le marca mucho el estómago the dress makes her stomach stick out o accentuates her stomach
    3 ( Mús):
    marcar el compás/el ritmo to beat time/the rhythm
    4 ( Fís) to mark, tag
    C ‹pelo› to set
    D ( Telec) to dial
    E ( Dep)
    1 ‹gol/tanto› to score
    2 ‹tiempo› to clock
    marcó un tiempo de 2.08 she clocked a time of 2.08
    3 ‹jugador› to mark
    ■ marcar
    vi
    A ( Dep) to score
    B ( Telec) to dial
    A
    marcarse el pelo ( caus) to have one's hair set;
    ( refl) to set one's hair
    B ( Náut) to take a bearing
    * * *

     

    marcar ( conjugate marcar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( con señal) ‹ropa/página/baraja› to mark;

    ‹ ganado› to brand
    b) [experiencia/suceso] ( dejar huella) to mark

    2
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark;


    el reloj marca las doce en punto the time is exactly twelve o'clock
    b) ( hacer resaltar) ‹cintura/busto› to accentuate

    c) (Mús):

    ◊ marcar el compás/el ritmo to beat time/the rhythm

    3 ‹ pelo› to set
    4 (Telec) to dial
    5 (Dep)
    a) ‹gol/tanto› to score

    b) ‹ jugador› to mark

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (Dep) to score
    2 (Telec) to dial
    marcarse verbo pronominal:


    ( caus) to have one's hair set
    marcar verbo transitivo
    1 (señalar) to mark: su muerte me marcó profundamente, I was deeply marked by her death
    las piedras marcan la linde, the stones mark the boundary
    2 (resaltar) este vestido me marca las caderas, this dress shows off my hips
    ese gesto marca la importancia del tratado, that gesture stresses the importance of the treaty
    3 Tel to dial: marque el 123 321, dial 123321
    4 (una hora, grados, etc) to indicate, show, mark: el metrónomo marca el compás, the metronome marks the time
    5 Dep (un tanto) to score
    (a otro jugador) to mark
    6 (un peinado) to set: ¿lavar y marcar?, wash and set?
    ' marcar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ceñirse
    - herrar
    - pauta
    - bastar
    - compás
    - gol
    - graduar
    - lavar
    - paso
    - plantilla
    - señal
    - señalar
    - tarjeta
    - tono
    English:
    beat
    - brand
    - cover
    - dial
    - highlight
    - mark
    - pace
    - pit
    - read
    - ring
    - ring up
    - say
    - score
    - set
    - show
    - stand
    - tick
    - tick off
    - trend
    - watershed
    - bookmark
    - check
    - clock
    - flag
    - guard
    - hat
    - hit
    - indent
    - punch
    - redial
    - register
    - scratch
    - stake
    - usher
    - wave
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner marca en] to mark;
    [nombre en una lista] to tick off; [poner precio a] to price;
    marcó el itinerario en el mapa she marked the route on the map;
    asegúrate de que marcas las maletas con tu nombre make sure your suitcases are identified with your name;
    marcó la ropa con mis iniciales she put my initials on the clothes;
    marcar los naipes to mark the cards
    2. [indicar] to mark, to indicate;
    la cruz marca el lugar donde está enterrado el tesoro the cross marks o indicates (the spot) where the treasure is buried
    3. [dejar marca en] to mark;
    ese acontecimiento marcó su vida her life was marked by that event
    4. [significar] to mark, to signal;
    el tratado marcó un hito en las relaciones entre las dos potencias the treaty was a landmark in relations between the two powers
    5. [número de teléfono] to dial
    6. [sujeto: termómetro, contador] to read;
    [sujeto: reloj] to say;
    la balanza marca 3 kilos the scales read 3 kilos;
    ¿qué precio marca la etiqueta? what is the price on the label?;
    cuando el reloj marque las seis when the clock strikes six;
    el euro ha marcado un nuevo mínimo frente al dólar the euro has fallen to another all-time low against the dollar
    7. [paso]
    marcar el ritmo to beat time;
    el corredor más lento marcó el ritmo del resto del grupo the slowest runner set the pace for the whole group
    8. Dep [tanto] to score
    9. Dep [a un jugador] to mark
    10. Dep [tiempo] to record;
    [récord] to set
    11. [cabello] to set
    12. Comp
    RP
    marcar tarjeta [en el trabajo] [a la entrada] to clock in, US to punch in;
    [a la salida] to clock out, US to punch out; Fam
    tengo que marcar tarjeta [en casa de la novia] I have to see my girlfriend
    ♦ vi
    1. [dejar secuelas] to leave a mark
    2. [peinar] to set, to style
    3. Dep [anotar un tanto] to score;
    marcar en propia puerta o [m5] meta to score an own goal
    * * *
    v/t
    1 mark
    2 número de teléfono dial
    3 gol score
    4 res brand
    5 de termómetro, contador etc read, register
    6 naipes mark
    7 fig: persona affect
    8 en fútbol etc mark
    * * *
    marcar {72} vt
    1) : to mark
    2) : to brand (livestock)
    3) : to indicate, to show
    4) resaltar: to emphasize
    5) : to dial (a telephone)
    6) : to guard (an opponent)
    7) anotar: to score (a goal, a point)
    marcar vi
    1) anotar: to score
    2) : to dial
    * * *
    marcar vb
    2. (indicar) to say [pt. & pp. said] / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]
    3. (conseguir un gol) to score
    4. (un número de teléfono) to dial [pt. & pp. dialled]
    ¿has marcado el prefijo? did you dial the code?
    marcar el paso to set the pace [pt. & pp. set]

    Spanish-English dictionary > marcar

  • 10 revitalizar

    v.
    1 to revitalize.
    2 to rejuvenate, to invigorate, to brace, to energize.
    * * *
    1 to revitalize
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to revitalize

    un intento de revitalizar las relaciones entre los dos países — an attempt to give (a) fresh impetus to relations between the two countries

    * * *
    = revive, revitalise [revitalize, -USA], reinvigorate, reinvigorate, invigorate, resuscitate, rejuvenate.
    Ex. The result was that by the close of the 1940s, when ADI was revived, new interests were developing which were destined to overthrow the preeminence of microfilm as a documentation concern.
    Ex. This article examines the factors leading to a decision to revitalise the Boston Public Library.
    Ex. Adolescents cannot be led so easily, so unselfconsciously as children, and disenchantment can be a door that closes tight against attempts to reinvigorate dulled literary receptivity.
    Ex. Adolescents cannot be led so easily, so unselfconsciously as children, and disenchantment can be a door that closes tight against attempts to reinvigorate dulled literary receptivity.
    Ex. This is a national project aimed at invigorating the rural economy through the introduction of agricultural and related technologies to farmers.
    Ex. An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex. It would be better to revive and rejuvenate the library while it is still alive thant to let it die.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to revitalize

    un intento de revitalizar las relaciones entre los dos países — an attempt to give (a) fresh impetus to relations between the two countries

    * * *
    = revive, revitalise [revitalize, -USA], reinvigorate, reinvigorate, invigorate, resuscitate, rejuvenate.

    Ex: The result was that by the close of the 1940s, when ADI was revived, new interests were developing which were destined to overthrow the preeminence of microfilm as a documentation concern.

    Ex: This article examines the factors leading to a decision to revitalise the Boston Public Library.
    Ex: Adolescents cannot be led so easily, so unselfconsciously as children, and disenchantment can be a door that closes tight against attempts to reinvigorate dulled literary receptivity.
    Ex: Adolescents cannot be led so easily, so unselfconsciously as children, and disenchantment can be a door that closes tight against attempts to reinvigorate dulled literary receptivity.
    Ex: This is a national project aimed at invigorating the rural economy through the introduction of agricultural and related technologies to farmers.
    Ex: An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex: It would be better to revive and rejuvenate the library while it is still alive thant to let it die.

    * * *
    vt
    to revitalize
    el tratamiento la revitalizó the treatment revitalized her, the treatment restored her vitality
    medidas para revitalizar la economía measures to revitalize the economy
    un intento de revitalizar las relaciones entre los dos países an attempt to give (a) fresh impetus to relations between the two countries
    ■ revitalizar
    vi
    un tónico que revitaliza a revitalizing tonic
    * * *

    revitalizar ( conjugate revitalizar) verbo transitivo
    to revitalize
    revitalizar verbo transitivo to revitalize
    ' revitalizar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    regenerate
    * * *
    to revitalize
    * * *
    v/t revitalize
    * * *
    revitalizar {21} vt
    : to revitalize

    Spanish-English dictionary > revitalizar

  • 11 Z91

    рус В личном анамнезе наличие факторов риска, не классифицированные в других рубриках
    eng Personal history of risk-factors, not elsewhere classified. (Excludes: ) exposure to pollution and other problems related to physical environment ( Z58.-), occupational exposure to risk-factors ( Z57.-), personal history of psychoactive substance abuse ( Z86.4)

    Classification of Diseases (English-Russian) > Z91

  • 12 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
    153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.
    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.
    164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.
    165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.
    166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.
    167. Dickes, R. (1967) Severe regressive disruption of the therapeutic alliance. JAPA, 15.
    168. Dickes, R. (1981) Sexual myths and misinformation. In: Understanding Human Behaviour in Health and Illness, ed. R. C. Simon & H. Pardes. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    169. Dorpat, T. L. (1985) Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. New York: Jason Aronson.
    170. Downey, T. W. (1978) Transitional phenomena in the analysis of early adolescent males. PSOC, 33.
    171. Dunbar, F. (1954) Emotions and Bodily Functions. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    172. Easson, W. M. (1973) The earliest ego development, primitive memory traces, and the Isakower phenomenon. PQ, 42.
    173. Edelheit, H. (1971) Mythopoiesis and the primal scene. Psychoanal. Study Society, 5.
    174. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relation ships, part I. PSOC, 27.
    175. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1975) The phallicnarcissistic phase. PSOC, 30.
    176. Eidelberg, L. (1960) A third contribution to the study of slips of the tongue. IJP, 41.
    177. Eidelberg, L. (1968) Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-MacMillan.
    178. Eissler, K. R. (1953) The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 1.
    179. Ellenberg, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.
    180. Emde, R. N. (1980) Toward a psychoanalytic theory of affect: I. & G. H. Pollock. Washington NYMH.
    181. Emde R., Gaensbaner, T. & Harmon R. (1976) Emotional Expression in Infancy. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    182. Erode R. & Harmon, R. J. (1972) Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 11.
    183. Engel, G. L. (1962) Psychological Development in Health and Disease. New York Saunders.
    184. Engel, G. L. (1967) Psychoanalytic theory of somatic disorder. JAPA, 15.
    185. Engel, G. L. (1968) A reconsideration of the role of conversion in somatic disease. Compr. Psychiat., 94.
    186. English, H. B. & English, A. C. (1958) A comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. New York: David McKay.
    187. Erard, R. (1983) New wine in old skins. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 10.
    188. Erdelyi, M. H. (1985) Psychoanalysis. New York: W. H. Freeman.
    189. Erikson, E. H. (1950) Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
    190. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The concept of ego identity. JAPA, 4.
    191. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The problem of ego identity. JAPA, 4.
    192. Esman, A. H. (1973) The primal scene. PSOC, 28.
    193. Esman, A. H. (1975) The Psychology of Adolescence. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    194. Esman, A. H. (1979) Some reflections on boredom. JAPA, 27.
    195. Esman, A. H. (1983) The "stimulus barrier": a review and reconsideration. PSOC, 38.
    196. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1952) Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    197. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1954) An Object-Relations Theory of the Personality. New York: Basic Books.
    198. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1963) Synopsis of an Object-Relations theory of the personality. IJP, 44.
    199. Fawcett, J., Clark, D. C., Scheftner, W. H. & Hedecker, D. (1983) Differences between anhedonia and normal hedonic depressive states. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 40.
    200. Fenichel, O. (1934) On the psychology of boredom. Collected Papers. New York: Norton, 1953, vol. 1.
    201. Fenichel, O. (1941) Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique. Albany, N. Y.: Psychoanalytic Quaterly.
    202. Fenichel, O. (1945) Character disorders. In: The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Neurosis. New York: Norton.
    203. Fenichel, O. (1945) The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis New York: Norton.
    204. Fenichel, O. (1954) Ego strength and ego weakness. Collected Papers. New York: Norton, vol. 2.
    205. Ferenczi, S. (1909) Introjection and transference. In: Sex in Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
    206. Ferenczi, S. (191617) Disease or patho-neurosis. The Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1950.
    207. Ferenczi, S. (1925) Psychoanalysis of sexual habits. In: The Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
    208. Fine, B. D., Joseph, E. D. & Waldhorn, H. F., eds. (1971) Recollection and Reconstruction in Psychoanalysis. Monograph 4, Kris Study Group. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    209. Fink, G. (1967) Analysis of the Isakower phenomenon. JAPA, 15.
    210. Fink, P. J. (1970) Correlation between "actual" neurosis and the work of Masters and Johson. P. Q, 39.
    211. Finkenstein, L. (1975) Awe premature ejaculation. P. Q, 44.
    212. Firestein, S. K. (1978) A review of the literature. In: Termination in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
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    214. Fisher, C. et. al. (1968) Cycle of penile erection synchronous with dreaming (REM) sleep. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 12.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 13 correr

    v.
    1 to run (persona, animal).
    me gusta correr todas las mañanas I like to go for a run every morning
    ¡corre a pedir ayuda! run for help!
    a todo correr at full speed o pelt
    María corrió hacia la casa Mary ran towards the house.
    El agua corre libremente Water runs free.
    Ellos corren riesgos They run risks.
    Pedro corre el programa en su computadora Peter runs the program on his...
    2 to drive fast.
    3 to flow.
    4 to pass, to go by (time).
    esta última semana ha pasado corriendo this last week has flown by
    5 to spread (noticia).
    corre el rumor de que… there's a rumor that…
    Los rumores corren sin tregua Rumors circulate relentlessly.
    corrió los 100 metros he ran the 100 meters
    7 to move or pull up (mover) (mesa, silla).
    corre la cabeza, que no veo move your head out of the way, I can't see
    Ricardo corrió los muebles Richard moved the furniture.
    8 to run (informal) (computing) (programa, aplicación).
    9 to operate, to run.
    Los programas corren sin problema The programs run without a problem.
    10 to fire, to dismiss, to boot out.
    María corrió al jardinero Mary fired the gardener.
    11 to expand, to propagate, to spread.
    El fuego corrió por toda la selva The fire spread throughout the jungle.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to run
    2 (darse prisa) to rush, hurry
    ■ ¡corre, es tarde! hurry up, it's late!
    3 (viento) to blow
    4 (agua) to flow, run
    5 (tiempo) to pass, fly
    6 (noticias) to spread, circulate
    7 (conductor) to drive fast
    8 (coche) to go fast
    9 (sueldo, interés) to be payable
    10 (puerta, ventana) to slide
    11 (moneda) to be legal tender
    1 (distancia) to cover; (país) to travel through
    2 (carrera) to run; (caballo) to race, run
    3 (echar) to close; (cortina) to draw; (cerrojo) to bolt
    4 (mover) to pull up, move, draw up
    6 (aventura) to have
    7 (avergonzar) to make ashamed
    8 (turbar) to make embarrassed
    1 (persona) to move over; (objeto) to shift, slide
    2 (color, tinta) to run
    3 (media) to ladder
    4 (avergonzarse) to blush, go red
    \
    a todo correr at full speed
    correr a cargo de alguien (ocuparse) to take care of something 2 (pagar) to pay for something
    correr con algo to be responsible for something
    correr con los gastos to foot the bill
    corre la voz de que... rumour has it that...
    correr mundo to be a globe-trotter
    correr un peligro to be in danger
    correrla familiar to live it up
    dejar correr algo to let something drop, let something ride
    el mes que corre the current month
    * * *
    verb
    1) to run,
    2) rush
    3) flow
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=ir deprisa) [persona, animal] to run; [vehículo] to go fast

    ¡cómo corre este coche! — this car's really fast!, this car can really go some!

    no corras tanto, que hay hielo en la carretera — don't go so fast, the road's icy

    • echar a correr — to start running, break into a run

    2) (=darse prisa) to hurry, rush

    ¡corre! — hurry (up)!

    me voy corriendo, que sale el tren dentro de diez minutos — I must dash, the train leaves in ten minutes

    llega el jefe, más vale que te vayas corriendo — the boss is coming so you'd better get out of here

    • hacer algo a todo correr — to do sth as fast as one can

    3) (=fluir) [agua] to run, flow; [aire] to flow; [grifo, fuente] to run

    corre mucho viento — there's a strong wind blowing, it's very windy

    el camino corre por un paisaje pintoresco — the road runs o goes through picturesque countryside

    • correr paralelo a, una cadena montañosa que corre paralela a la costa — a chain of mountains that runs parallel to the coast

    la historia de los ordenadores corre paralela a los adelantos en materia de semiconductores — the history of computers runs parallel to advances in semiconductor technology

    4) [tiempo]

    ¡cómo corre el tiempo! — time flies!

    el mes que corre — the current month, the present month

    al o con el correr del tiempo — over the years

    en estos o los tiempos que corren — nowadays, these days

    5) (=moverse) [rumor] to go round; [creencia] to be widespread
    6) (=hacerse cargo)

    • correr a cargo de algn, eso corre a cargo de la empresa — the company will take care of that

    • correr con algo, correr con los gastos — to meet o bear the expenses

    correr con la casa — to run the house, manage the house

    7) (Econ) [sueldo] to be payable; [moneda] to be valid
    8)

    correr a o por — (=venderse) to sell at

    2. VT
    1) (Dep) [+ distancia] to run; [+ prueba] to compete in
    2) (=desplazar) [+ objeto] to move along; [+ silla] to move; [+ balanza] to tip; [+ nudo] to adjust; [+ vela] to unfurl
    velo 1)
    3) (=hacer correr) [+ caballo] to run, race; [+ caza] to chase, pursue

    correr un toro — to run in front of and avoid being gored by a charging bull for sport

    4) (=tener) [+ riesgo] to run; [+ suerte] to suffer, undergo
    prisa
    5) (=extender)
    6) (Mil) (=invadir) to raid; (=destruir) to lay waste
    7) (Com) to auction
    8) (=abochornar) to embarrass
    9) esp LAm * (=expulsar) to chuck out *
    10)

    correrla — * (=ir de juerga) to live it up *

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)

    bajó/subió las escaleras corriendo — she ran down/up the stairs

    echó a correr — he started to run, he broke into a run

    salió a todo correr — he went/came shooting out

    b) (Dep) atleta to run; caballo to run
    c) (Auto, Dep) piloto/conductor to race
    2)

    corre, ponte los zapatos! — hurry o quick, put your shoes on!

    no corras tanto que te equivocarás — don't rush it o don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes

    corrí a llamarte/a escribirte — I rushed to call you/write to you

    b) (fam) (ir, moverse) (+ compl) vehículo/conductor

    corre mucho — he drives too/very fast

    3)
    a) (+ compl) cordillera/carretera to run; río to run, flow
    b) agua to flow, run; sangre to flow

    dejar correr algo — to let something go

    corre el rumor de que... — there is a rumor going around that..., rumor has it that...

    corrió la voz de que... — there was a rumor that...

    d) polea to run; puerta to slide

    la cremallera no corre — the zipper (AmE) o (BrE) zip is stuck

    el pestillo no corre — I can't bolt/unbolt the door

    a) (pasar, transcurrir)

    corría el año 1939 cuando... — it was in 1939 that...

    con el correr de los años — as time went/goes by

    b) ( pasar de prisa) to fly
    5) sueldo/alquiler to be payable

    correr con algo — < con gastos> to pay something; < con organización> to be responsible for something

    2.
    correr vt
    1)
    a) (Dep) < maratón> to run

    corrió los 1.500 metros — he ran the 1,500 meters

    b) (Auto, Dep) <prueba/gran premio> to race in
    2)
    a) (fam) (echar, expulsar) to kick... out (colloq), to chuck... out (colloq)
    b) (fam) ( perseguir) to run after
    3)
    4) ( mover)
    a) <botón/ficha/silla> to move
    b) < cortina> ( cerrar) to draw o close; ( abrir) to open o pull back
    c) (Inf) < texto> to scroll
    3.
    correrse v pron
    1) ( moverse)
    a) silla/cama to move; pieza/carga to shift
    b) (fam) persona to move up o over
    2)
    a) tinta to run; rímel/maquillaje to run, smudge; (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) (AmL) media to ladder
    3) (Esp arg) ( llegar al orgasmo) to come (colloq)
    * * *
    = flow, race, running, jogging, course.
    Ex. At this disclosure, a flush flowed from Leforte's cheeks to her neck.
    Ex. These companies have been racing to define the information superhighway for themselves, and to stake a claim in what they view as the economic engine of the information age.
    Ex. Thus in games, manipulatory skills are often exercised and extended, as for example in games that involve running, climbing or making objects -- bows and arrows, catapults, clothes for dolls, and so on.
    Ex. Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease are discussed, as well as how development of coronary disease can be attenuated or arrested by a prolonged routine of jogging.
    Ex. The disease is called temporal arteritis because the temporal arteries, which course along the sides of the head just in front of the ears (to the temples), often become inflamed.
    ----
    * con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.
    * corre el rumor de que = rumour has it that.
    * corre la voz de que = rumour has it that.
    * correr a cargo de = be the responsibility of.
    * correr a toda velocidad = sprint.
    * correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr con los gastos = bear + the cost(s), pick up + the tab, pay + the piper.
    * correr de acá para allá = rush around.
    * correr de aquí para allá = rush around, run + here and there.
    * correr de la cuenta de Alguien = be on + Pronombre.
    * correr desaforadamente = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr de un sitio para otro = rush around.
    * correr el peligro de = be in danger (of), run + the danger of.
    * correr el riesgo = risk, face + the risk, chance, take + Posesivo + chances.
    * correr la impresión = slur + impression.
    * correr la voz = spread + the news, spread + the word.
    * correr más deprisa que = outrun [out-run].
    * correr mundo = see + life, see + the world.
    * correr peligro = be at risk.
    * correr que se las pela = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr ríos de tinta = spill + vast quantities of ink, a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * correrse = come.
    * correrse dormido = wet dream.
    * correrse una juerga = have + a ball, have + a great time.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * correr un riesgo = run + risk, take + risks, take + chances (on).
    * correr un tupido velo sobre = draw + a veil over.
    * correr un velo sobre las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.
    * corría el rumor de que = rumour had it that.
    * corría la voz de que = rumour had it that.
    * corriendo con los gastos = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.
    * dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.
    * echar a correr = bolt, make + a bolt for, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * entrar y salir corriendo = run in and out.
    * gastos + correr a cuenta de = bear + the cost(s).
    * hacer correr la voz = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.
    * ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.
    * irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.
    * llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.
    * máquina de andar o correr estática = treadmill.
    * no correr prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * salir corriendo = leg it, run off, run away, bolt, make + a bolt for, dash off, take off, shoot off, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels.
    * salir corriendo a la calle = run into + the street.
    * volver corriendo = scurry back.
    * zapatilla de correr = running shoe.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)

    bajó/subió las escaleras corriendo — she ran down/up the stairs

    echó a correr — he started to run, he broke into a run

    salió a todo correr — he went/came shooting out

    b) (Dep) atleta to run; caballo to run
    c) (Auto, Dep) piloto/conductor to race
    2)

    corre, ponte los zapatos! — hurry o quick, put your shoes on!

    no corras tanto que te equivocarás — don't rush it o don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes

    corrí a llamarte/a escribirte — I rushed to call you/write to you

    b) (fam) (ir, moverse) (+ compl) vehículo/conductor

    corre mucho — he drives too/very fast

    3)
    a) (+ compl) cordillera/carretera to run; río to run, flow
    b) agua to flow, run; sangre to flow

    dejar correr algo — to let something go

    corre el rumor de que... — there is a rumor going around that..., rumor has it that...

    corrió la voz de que... — there was a rumor that...

    d) polea to run; puerta to slide

    la cremallera no corre — the zipper (AmE) o (BrE) zip is stuck

    el pestillo no corre — I can't bolt/unbolt the door

    a) (pasar, transcurrir)

    corría el año 1939 cuando... — it was in 1939 that...

    con el correr de los años — as time went/goes by

    b) ( pasar de prisa) to fly
    5) sueldo/alquiler to be payable

    correr con algo — < con gastos> to pay something; < con organización> to be responsible for something

    2.
    correr vt
    1)
    a) (Dep) < maratón> to run

    corrió los 1.500 metros — he ran the 1,500 meters

    b) (Auto, Dep) <prueba/gran premio> to race in
    2)
    a) (fam) (echar, expulsar) to kick... out (colloq), to chuck... out (colloq)
    b) (fam) ( perseguir) to run after
    3)
    4) ( mover)
    a) <botón/ficha/silla> to move
    b) < cortina> ( cerrar) to draw o close; ( abrir) to open o pull back
    c) (Inf) < texto> to scroll
    3.
    correrse v pron
    1) ( moverse)
    a) silla/cama to move; pieza/carga to shift
    b) (fam) persona to move up o over
    2)
    a) tinta to run; rímel/maquillaje to run, smudge; (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) (AmL) media to ladder
    3) (Esp arg) ( llegar al orgasmo) to come (colloq)
    * * *
    = flow, race, running, jogging, course.

    Ex: At this disclosure, a flush flowed from Leforte's cheeks to her neck.

    Ex: These companies have been racing to define the information superhighway for themselves, and to stake a claim in what they view as the economic engine of the information age.
    Ex: Thus in games, manipulatory skills are often exercised and extended, as for example in games that involve running, climbing or making objects -- bows and arrows, catapults, clothes for dolls, and so on.
    Ex: Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease are discussed, as well as how development of coronary disease can be attenuated or arrested by a prolonged routine of jogging.
    Ex: The disease is called temporal arteritis because the temporal arteries, which course along the sides of the head just in front of the ears (to the temples), often become inflamed.
    * con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.
    * corre el rumor de que = rumour has it that.
    * corre la voz de que = rumour has it that.
    * correr a cargo de = be the responsibility of.
    * correr a toda velocidad = sprint.
    * correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr con los gastos = bear + the cost(s), pick up + the tab, pay + the piper.
    * correr de acá para allá = rush around.
    * correr de aquí para allá = rush around, run + here and there.
    * correr de la cuenta de Alguien = be on + Pronombre.
    * correr desaforadamente = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr de un sitio para otro = rush around.
    * correr el peligro de = be in danger (of), run + the danger of.
    * correr el riesgo = risk, face + the risk, chance, take + Posesivo + chances.
    * correr la impresión = slur + impression.
    * correr la voz = spread + the news, spread + the word.
    * correr más deprisa que = outrun [out-run].
    * correr mundo = see + life, see + the world.
    * correr peligro = be at risk.
    * correr que se las pela = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr ríos de tinta = spill + vast quantities of ink, a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * correrse = come.
    * correrse dormido = wet dream.
    * correrse una juerga = have + a ball, have + a great time.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * correr un riesgo = run + risk, take + risks, take + chances (on).
    * correr un tupido velo sobre = draw + a veil over.
    * correr un velo sobre las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.
    * corría el rumor de que = rumour had it that.
    * corría la voz de que = rumour had it that.
    * corriendo con los gastos = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.
    * dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.
    * echar a correr = bolt, make + a bolt for, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * entrar y salir corriendo = run in and out.
    * gastos + correr a cuenta de = bear + the cost(s).
    * hacer correr la voz = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.
    * ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.
    * irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.
    * llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.
    * máquina de andar o correr estática = treadmill.
    * no correr prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * salir corriendo = leg it, run off, run away, bolt, make + a bolt for, dash off, take off, shoot off, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels.
    * salir corriendo a la calle = run into + the street.
    * volver corriendo = scurry back.
    * zapatilla de correr = running shoe.

    * * *
    correr [E1 ]
    vi
    A
    1 to run
    tuve que correr para no perder el tren I had to run or I'd have missed the train
    bajó las escaleras corriendo she ran down the stairs
    los atracadores salieron corriendo del banco the robbers ran out of the bank
    iba corriendo y se cayó she was running and she fell over
    corrían tras el ladrón they were running after the thief
    echó a correr he started to run, he broke into a run
    cuando lo vio corrió a su encuentro when she saw him she rushed o ran to meet him
    a todo correr at top speed, as fast as I/he could
    salió a todo correr he went/came shooting out
    corre que te corre: se fueron, corre que te corre, para la playa they went tearing o racing off to the beach
    el que no corre vuela you have to be quick off the mark
    2 ( Dep) «atleta» to run; «caballo» to run
    sale a correr todas las mañanas she goes out running o jogging every morning, she goes for a run every morning
    corre en la maratón he's running in the marathon
    3 ( Auto, Dep) «piloto/conductor» to race
    corre con una escudería italiana he races o drives for an Italian team
    B
    1
    (apresurarse): llevo todo el día corriendo de un lado para otro I've been rushing around all day long, I've been on the go all day long ( colloq)
    ¡corre, ponte los zapatos! hurry o quick, put your shoes on!
    no corras tanto que te equivocarás don't rush it o don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes
    en cuanto me enteré corrí a llamarte/a escribirle as soon as I heard, I rushed to call you/write to him
    vino pero se fue corriendo he came but he rushed off o raced off again
    se fueron corriendo al hospital they rushed to the hospital
    2 ( fam) (ir, moverse) (+ compl):
    corre mucho he drives too/very fast
    esa moto corre mucho that motorcycle is o goes really fast
    C
    1 (+ compl) «cordillera/carretera» to run; «río» to run, flow
    corre paralela a la costa it runs parallel to the coast
    el río corre por un valle abrupto the river runs o flows through a steep-sided valley
    2 «agua» to flow, run; «sangre» to flow
    corría una brisa suave there was a gentle breeze, a gentle breeze was blowing
    corre mucho viento hoy it's very windy today
    el champán corría como agua the champagne flowed like water
    3
    «rumor»: corre el rumor de que … there is a rumor going around that …, word o rumor has it that …
    corrió la voz de que se había fugado there was a rumor that she had escaped
    4 «polea» to run
    la cremallera no corre the zipper ( AmE) o ( BrE) zip is stuck o won't do up/undo
    el pestillo no corre I can't bolt/unbolt the door, the bolt won't move o slide
    D «días/meses/años»
    1
    (pasar, transcurrir): corren tiempos difíciles these are difficult times
    corría el año 1939 cuando … it was in 1939 that …
    con el correr de los años as time went/goes by, as years passed/pass
    el mes que corre this month, in the current month ( frml)
    ¡cómo corre el tiempo! how time flies!
    los días pasan corriendo the days fly by o go by in a flash
    E
    1 «sueldo/alquiler» to be payable
    2 (ser válido) to be valid
    las nuevas tarifas empezarán a correr a partir de mañana the new rates come into effect from tomorrow
    ya sabes que esas excusas aquí no corren (CS); you know you can't get away with excuses like that here, you know excuses like that won't wash with me/us ( colloq)
    estos bonos ya no corren these vouchers are no longer valid
    3 (venderse) correr A or POR algo to sell AT o FOR sth
    F correr con ‹gastos› to pay
    la empresa corrió con los gastos de la mudanza the firm paid the removal expenses o the moving expenses o met the cost of the removal
    el Ayuntamiento corrió con la organización del certamen the town council organized o was responsible for organizing the competition
    ■ correr
    vt
    A
    1 ( Dep) ‹maratón› to run
    corrió los 1.500 metros he ran the 1,500 meters
    correrla ( fam); to go out on the town ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto, Dep) ‹prueba/gran premio› to race in
    B
    1 ( fam) (echar, expulsar) to kick … out ( colloq), to chuck … out ( colloq)
    lo corrieron del pueblo they ran him out of town
    2 ( fam) (perseguir) to chase, run after
    acaba de salir, si la corres, la alcanzas (Col, RPl); she's just gone out, if you run you'll catch her (up)
    C
    1
    (exponerse a): quiero estar seguro, no quiero correr riesgos I want to be sure, I don't want to take any risks
    corres el riesgo de perderlo/de que te lo roben you run the risk of o you risk losing it/having it stolen
    aquí no corres peligro you're safe here o you're not in any danger here
    2
    (experimentar): ambos corrieron parecida suerte they both suffered a similar fate
    juntos corrimos grandes aventuras we lived through o had great adventures together
    1 ‹botón/ficha/silla› to move
    2 ‹cortina› to draw
    corre el cerrojo bolt the door, slide the bolt across/back
    corra la pesa hasta que se equilibre slide the weight along until it balances
    3 ( Inf) ‹texto› to scroll
    E ( ant); ‹territorio› to raid
    F
    ( Chi fam) (propinar): córreles palo give them a good beating
    les corrió balas a todos he sprayed them all with bullets
    1 «pieza» to shift, move; «carga» to shift
    2 ( fam); «persona» to move up o over, shift up o over ( colloq)
    3 ( Chi fam) (escurrirse, escabullir) to slip away
    B
    1 «tinta» to run; «rímel/maquillaje» (+ me/te/le etc) to run, smudge
    2 ( AmL) «media» to ladder, run
    se me corrió un punto del suéter I pulled a thread in my sweater and it ran
    * * *

     

    correr ( conjugate correr) verbo intransitivo
    1

    ◊ bajó/subió las escaleras corriendo she ran down/up the stairs;

    salieron corriendo del banco they ran out of the bank;
    echó a correr he started to run
    b) (Auto, Dep) [piloto/conductor] to race

    2

    ◊ ¡corre, ponte los zapatos! hurry o quick, put your shoes on!;

    no corras tanto que te equivocarás don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes ;
    corrí a llamarte I rushed to call you;
    me tengo que ir corriendo I have to rush off
    b) (fam) [ vehículo] to go fast;

    [ conductor] to drive fast
    3
    a) [carretera/río] to run;

    [ agua] to run;
    [ sangre] to flow;

    b) [ rumor]:

    ◊ corre el rumor/la voz de que … there is a rumor going around that …

    4 (pasar, transcurrir):
    ◊ corría el año 1973 cuando … it was 1973 when …;

    con el correr de los años as time went/goes by;
    ¡cómo corre el tiempo! how time flies!
    5 ( hacerse cargo) correr con algo ‹ con gastos› to pay sth;
    ‹ con organización› to be responsible for sth
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (Dep) ‹ maratón› to run

    b) (Auto, Dep) ‹prueba/gran premio› to race in

    2 ( exponerse a):

    aquí no corres peligro you're safe here
    3
    a) ‹botón/ficha/silla› to move;

    ‹ cortina› ( cerrar) to draw, close;
    ( abrir) to open, pull back;

    b) (Inf) ‹ texto› to scroll

    correrse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [silla/cama] to move;

    [pieza/carga] to shift
    b) (fam) [ persona] to move up o over

    2
    a) [ tinta] to run;

    [rímel/maquillaje] to run, smudge;

    b) (AmL) [ media] to ladder

    correr
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to run
    (ir deprisa) to go fast
    (al conducir) to drive fast
    2 (el viento) to blow
    (un río) to flow
    3 (darse prisa) to hurry: corre, que no llegamos, hurry up or we'll be late
    figurado corrí a hablar con él, I rushed to talk to him
    4 (estar en situación de) correr peligro, to be in danger
    correr prisa, to be urgent
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (estar expuesto a) to have
    correr el riesgo, to run the risk
    2 (una cortina) to draw
    (un cerrojo) to close
    3 (un mueble) to pull up, draw up
    ♦ Locuciones: corre a mi cargo, I'll take care of it
    correr con los gastos, to foot the bill
    ' correr' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bola
    - cargo
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - echar
    - liebre
    - pareja
    - parejo
    - pestillo
    - prisa
    - riesgo
    - tinta
    - velo
    - voz
    - Y
    - agua
    - condenado
    - condición
    - corretear
    - dejar
    - desaforado
    - desplazar
    - peligro
    - soler
    - tropezar
    - viento
    English:
    about
    - afford
    - bear
    - charge
    - danger
    - dash
    - draw
    - gamble
    - go about
    - meet
    - outrun
    - pelt
    - pound
    - pour
    - pull
    - race
    - race along
    - ride
    - risk
    - run
    - run with
    - running
    - rush
    - rush around
    - scurry
    - streak
    - tear along
    - trickle
    - unleash
    - as
    - budge
    - caper
    - cover
    - flow
    - fly
    - go
    - hell
    - jog
    - like
    - mad
    - move
    - put
    - shift
    - slide
    - smudge
    - spread
    - sweep
    - throw
    - wind
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [persona, animal] to run;
    me gusta correr todas las mañanas I like to go for a run every morning;
    se fue corriendo he ran off o away;
    miles de fans corrieron al encuentro del cantante thousands of fans ran to greet o meet the singer;
    ¡corre a pedir ayuda! run for help!;
    varias personas corrieron tras el asaltante several people ran after the robber;
    echar a correr to start running;
    Fam
    corre que se las pela she runs like the wind;
    Fam
    el que no corre, vuela you've got to be on your toes o quick around here
    2. [apresurarse]
    ¡corre, que vamos a perder el autobús! hurry up, we're going to miss the bus!;
    no corras, que te vas a equivocar don't rush yourself, or you'll make a mistake;
    cuando me enteré del accidente, corrí a visitarla when I heard about the accident I went to visit her as soon as I could o I rushed to visit her;
    estoy agotado, toda la mañana corriendo de aquí para allá I'm exhausted, I've been rushing o running around all morning;
    corre, que va a empezar la película quick, the film's about to start;
    a todo correr: hay que acabar este trabajo a todo correr we have to finish this job as quickly as possible;
    cuando se enteró de la noticia, vino a todo correr when she heard the news she came as quickly as she could
    3. [competir] [atleta, caballo] to run;
    [ciclista] to ride;
    corre con una moto japonesa he rides a Japanese motorbike;
    corre con un coche italiano he drives an Italian car
    4. [conductor] to drive fast;
    no corras tanto, que vamos a tener un accidente slow down o stop driving so fast, we're going to have an accident
    5. [vehículo]
    el nuevo modelo corre todavía más the new model is o goes even faster;
    esta moto no corre nada this motorbike can't go very fast at all
    6. [fluido] [río] to flow;
    [agua del grifo] to run;
    la sangre corre por las venas blood flows through the veins;
    deja correr el agua (del grifo) leave the Br tap o US faucet running
    7. [viento] to blow;
    corría una ligera brisa there was a gentle breeze, a gentle breeze was blowing
    8. [el tiempo, las horas] to pass, to go by;
    esta última semana ha pasado corriendo this last week has flown by
    9. [transcurrir]
    corría el principio de siglo cuando… it was around the turn of the century when…;
    en los tiempos que corren nadie tiene un trabajo seguro no one is safe in their job these days o in this day and age
    10. [noticia] to spread;
    corre el rumor de que… there's a rumour going about that…
    11. [encargarse de]
    correr con [los gastos] to bear;
    [la cuenta] to pay;
    la organización de la cumbre corrió a cargo de las Naciones Unidas the United Nations organized the summit, the United Nations took care of the organization of the summit;
    la comida corre a cargo de la empresa the meal is on the company;
    esta ronda corre de mi cuenta this round is on me, this is my round
    12. [sueldo, renta] to be payable;
    el alquiler corre desde principios de cada mes the rent is payable at the beginning of each month
    13. [venderse] to sell;
    este vino corre a diez euros la botella this wine sells for ten euros a bottle
    14. Informát [uso crítico] to run;
    el nuevo sistema operativo no correrá en modelos antiguos the new operating system won't run on older models
    ♦ vt
    1. [prueba, carrera] [a pie, a caballo] to run;
    [en coche, moto] to take part in;
    corrió los 100 metros he ran the 100 metres;
    correrá el Tour de Francia he will be riding in the Tour de France
    2. [mover] [mesa, silla] to move o pull up;
    corre la cabeza, que no veo move your head out of the way, I can't see
    3. [cerrar] [cortinas] to draw, to close;
    [llave] to turn;
    correr el cerrojo o [m5] pestillo to bolt the door/gate/ etc
    4. [abrir] [cortinas] to draw, to open
    5. [experimentar]
    correr aventuras to have adventures;
    correr peligro to be in danger;
    si dejas la caja ahí, corre el peligro de que alguien tropiece con ella if you leave the box there, (there's a danger o risk that) someone might trip over it;
    correr el riesgo de (hacer) algo to run the risk of (doing) sth;
    no quiero correr ningún riesgo I don't want to take any risks;
    no sabemos la suerte que correrá el proyecto we don't know what is to become of the project, we don't know what the project's fate will be;
    no se sabe todavía qué suerte han corrido los desaparecidos the fate of the people who are missing is still unknown
    6. [noticia] to spread;
    corrieron el rumor sobre su dimisión they spread the rumour of her resignation;
    correr la voz to pass it on
    7. [pintura, colores]
    la lluvia corrió la capa de pintura the rain made the paint run
    8. Informát [uso crítico] [programa, aplicación] to run;
    no consigo correr este programa I can't get this program to run properly
    9. Com to auction, to sell at auction
    10. Taurom [torear] to fight
    11. Am Fam [despedir] to throw out
    12. Am Fam [ser válido] to be in use;
    las ideas progresistas allá no corren progressive ideas don't get much of a hearing there
    13. Am [perseguir] to chase (after);
    los perros iban corriendo a la liebre the dogs chased after the hare
    14. Méx, Ven [funcionar] to be running;
    hoy no corren los trenes the trains aren't running today
    15. Comp
    Fam
    correrla to go out on the town;
    RP Fam
    correr la coneja to scrimp and save
    * * *
    I v/i
    1 run;
    a todo correr at top speed
    2 ( apresurarse) rush
    3 de tiempo pass
    4 de agua run, flow
    5 fig
    :
    correr con los gastos pay the expenses;
    correr con algo meet the cost of sth;
    correr a cargo de alguien be s.o.’s responsibility, be down to s.o. fam II v/t
    1 run
    2 cortinas draw; mueble slide, move
    3
    :
    correr la misma suerte suffer the same fate
    * * *
    correr vi
    1) : to run, to race
    2) : to rush
    3) : to flow
    correr vt
    1) : to travel over, to cover
    2) : to move, to slide, to roll, to draw (curtains)
    3)
    correr un riesgo : to run a risk
    * * *
    correr vb
    1. (en general) to run [pt. ran; pp. run]
    2. (darse prisa) to hurry [pt. & pp. hurried] / to rush
    ¡corre! hurry up!
    3. (vehículo) to go fast
    ¡cómo corre este coche! this car goes really fast!
    4. (conducir) to drive fast [pt. drove; pp. driven]
    5. (noticia, etc) to go round
    6. (mover) to move
    ¿correrás la carrera? will you compete in the race?
    correr con los gastos to meet the costs [pt. & pp. met]
    correr el pestillo / correr el cerrojo to bolt the door
    correr la cortina to draw the curtain [pt. drew; pp. drawn]
    correr un riesgo to run a risk [pt. ran; pp. run]

    Spanish-English dictionary > correr

  • 14 tribunal

    m.
    1 court.
    llevar a alguien/acudir a los tribunales to take somebody/go to court
    tribunal de Apelación Court of Appeal
    tribunal Constitucional Constitutional Court
    tribunal de Cuentas (similar) National Audit Office; (español) Court of Audit (europeo)
    tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos European Court of Human Rights
    tribunal Internacional de Justicia International Court of Justice
    tribunal de Justicia Europeo European Court of Justice
    tribunal Penal Internacional International Criminal Court
    2 board of examiners.
    3 tribunal, court of justice, court, bar.
    4 jury, juryman.
    * * *
    1 DERECHO court
    2 (de examen) board of examiners
    \
    llevar a los tribunales to take to court
    Tribunal Constitucional Constitutional Court
    tribunal de apelación court of appeal
    Tribunal de Cuentas National Audit Office, US Committee on Public Accounts
    Tribunal Supremo High Court, US Supreme Court
    * * *
    noun m.
    court, tribunal
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Jur) (=lugar) court; (=conjunto de jueces) court, bench

    Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas, Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea — European Court of Justice

    Tribunal Supremo — High Court, Supreme Court (EEUU)

    2) (Univ) (=examinadores) board of examiners
    3) (Pol) (=comisión investigadora) tribunal
    4) Cono Sur (Mil) court martial
    TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL The role of the Spanish Tribunal Constitucional is to see that the 1978 Constitution is adhered to by the organs of government. It has jurisdiction in conflicts of power between the Spanish State and the Comunidades Autónomas and between the Autonomous Communities themselves, and it also has powers to safeguard the basic rights of citizens. It consists of 12 members, four nominated by Congress and by Senate, two by the Government and two by the governing body of the Spanish judiciary, the Consejo General del Poder Judicial.
    See:
    ver nota culturelle LA CONSTITUCIÓN ESPAÑOLA in constitución
    * * *
    1) (Der)
    a) ( lugar) court; ( jueces) judges (pl)
    b) tribunales masculino plural ( justicia)

    acudir/recurrir a los tribunales — to go to court

    2) ( en examen) examining board; ( en concurso) panel of judges
    * * *
    = court, tribunal, court of law.
    Ex. However, as a sub-class of 343, Criminal law, we require the entry courts: Criminal 343.19.
    Ex. Look, for example, at UDC class 343.19 'Criminal courts and tribunals'.
    Ex. The author considers the factors affecting the admissibility of records on optical discs as evidence in courts of law.
    ----
    * desacato al tribunal = contempt of court.
    * jefatura del tribunal supremo = chief justiceship.
    * llevar a los tribunales = take + Nombre + to court.
    * los tribunales = the Bench.
    * presidente del tribunal = presiding judge.
    * presidente del tribunal supremo = chief justice.
    * presidente de tribunal = chief justice.
    * sala del tribunal = courtroom.
    * tribunal criminal = criminal tribunal.
    * tribunal de alzada = court of appeal, appeal(s) court.
    * tribunal de apelaciones = court of appeal, appeal(s) court.
    * Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia = Office of Fair Trade.
    * tribunal de distrito = district court.
    * tribunal de guerra = court martial.
    * tribunal de justicia = criminal court, court of justice, law courts, court of law.
    * tribunal de menores = juvenile court, minors' court.
    * tribunal examinador = examining board, examining committee.
    * tribunal federal = federal court.
    * tribunal laboral = industrial tribunal.
    * tribunal militar = military tribunal.
    * Tribunal Supremo = Supreme Court.
    * Tribunal Supremo, el = High Court, the.
    * * *
    1) (Der)
    a) ( lugar) court; ( jueces) judges (pl)
    b) tribunales masculino plural ( justicia)

    acudir/recurrir a los tribunales — to go to court

    2) ( en examen) examining board; ( en concurso) panel of judges
    * * *
    = court, tribunal, court of law.

    Ex: However, as a sub-class of 343, Criminal law, we require the entry courts: Criminal 343.19.

    Ex: Look, for example, at UDC class 343.19 'Criminal courts and tribunals'.
    Ex: The author considers the factors affecting the admissibility of records on optical discs as evidence in courts of law.
    * desacato al tribunal = contempt of court.
    * jefatura del tribunal supremo = chief justiceship.
    * llevar a los tribunales = take + Nombre + to court.
    * los tribunales = the Bench.
    * presidente del tribunal = presiding judge.
    * presidente del tribunal supremo = chief justice.
    * presidente de tribunal = chief justice.
    * sala del tribunal = courtroom.
    * tribunal criminal = criminal tribunal.
    * tribunal de alzada = court of appeal, appeal(s) court.
    * tribunal de apelaciones = court of appeal, appeal(s) court.
    * Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia = Office of Fair Trade.
    * tribunal de distrito = district court.
    * tribunal de guerra = court martial.
    * tribunal de justicia = criminal court, court of justice, law courts, court of law.
    * tribunal de menores = juvenile court, minors' court.
    * tribunal examinador = examining board, examining committee.
    * tribunal federal = federal court.
    * tribunal laboral = industrial tribunal.
    * tribunal militar = military tribunal.
    * Tribunal Supremo = Supreme Court.
    * Tribunal Supremo, el = High Court, the.

    * * *
    A ( Der)
    1 (lugar) court; (jueces) judges (pl)
    comparecer ante un tribunal to appear in court
    eso lo juzgará el tribunal de la historia history will be the judge of that
    (justicia): acudieron a los tribunales they went to court
    recurrir a los tribunales to go to court, to have recourse to the law ( frml)
    Compuestos:
    constitutional court Tribunal Constitucional (↑ tribunal a1)
    ● tribunal de apelación or alzada
    court of appeals ( AmE), court of appeal ( BrE)
    National Audit Office
    (UE) European Court of Auditors
    (UE) European Court of Justice
    (UE) Court of First Instance
    court of first instance
    court martial, military court
    ≈ supreme court, ≈ high court ( in UK)
    juvenile court
    B (en un examen) examining board; (en un concurso) panel of judges
    * * *

     

    tribunal sustantivo masculino
    1 (Der)
    a) ( lugar) court;

    ( jueces) judges (pl);

    tribunal supremo ≈ supreme court ( in US), ≈ high court ( in UK);
    tribunal (tutelar) de menores juvenile court
    b)

    ◊ tribunales sustantivo masculino plural ( justicia): acudir a los tribunales to go to court

    2 ( en examen) examining board;
    ( en concurso) panel of judges
    tribunal sustantivo masculino
    1 Jur (órgano, edificio) court
    Tribunal Supremo, High Court, US Supreme Court
    2 (de una oposición, concurso) board
    ' tribunal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - constitucional
    - desacato
    - dictamen
    - II
    - instancia
    - juzgado
    - presidir
    - sala
    - alguacil
    - apelar
    - audiencia
    - competencia
    - presidente
    - vocal
    English:
    appeal
    - appear
    - appearance
    - appellate court
    - attachment
    - bar
    - bench
    - claim
    - contempt
    - court
    - damage
    - guilt
    - guilty
    - High Court
    - juvenile court
    - lawcourt
    - probate court
    - sit
    - tribunal
    - adjourn
    - barrister
    - board
    - chief
    - district
    - high
    - supreme
    * * *
    1. [de justicia] court;
    llevar a alguien/acudir a los tribunales to take sb/to go to court
    Tribunal de Apelación Court of Appeal;
    Tribunal Constitucional Constitutional Court;
    Tribunal de Cuentas [español] ≈ National Audit Office;
    [europeo] Court of Audit;
    Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos European Court of Human Rights;
    Tribunal Internacional de Justicia International Court of Justice;
    UE Tribunal de Justicia Europeo European Court of Justice;
    Tribunal Penal Internacional International Criminal Court;
    Tribunal de la Rota Sacra Romana Rota;
    el Tribunal Supremo Br ≈ the High Court, US ≈ the Supreme Court;
    2. [de examen] board of examiners;
    [de concurso] panel
    * * *
    m court
    * * *
    : court, tribunal
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > tribunal

  • 15 sens

    sens [sɑ̃s]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = goût, vue etc) sense
       b. ( = instinct) sense
    • avoir le sens du rythme/de l'humour to have a sense of rhythm/of humour
       c. ( = signification) meaning
    • au sens propre/figuré in the literal figurative sense
    • au sens large/strict du terme in the general/strict sense of the word
    • en ce sens que... in the sense that...
    • la culture, au sens où il l'entend culture, as he understands it
       d. ( = direction) direction
    • aller dans le bon/mauvais sens to go the right/wrong way
    • arriver en sens contraire or inverse to arrive from the opposite direction
    • ça va or part dans tous les sens (figurative) it's all over the place
    • la circulation dans le sens Paris-province/province-Paris traffic out of/into Paris
    • être/mettre sens dessus dessous to be/turn upside down
       f. ► bon sens common sense
    • c'est le bon sens même de... it's only common sense to...
    ► sens giratoire roundabout (Brit), traffic circle (US)
    • à sens unique [rue] one-way ; [concession] one-sided
    * * *
    sɑ̃s
    1.
    nom masculin invariable
    1) ( direction) lit, fig direction, way

    dans le sens de la largeur — widthways, across

    dans le sens de la longueur — lengthways, longways US

    être dans le bon/mauvais sens — to be the right/wrong way up

    dans le sens des fils — ( de tissu) with the grain

    sens dessus dessous — sɑ̃dəsydəsu ( à l'envers) upside down; ( en désordre) upside down; ( très troublé) very upset

    sens devant derrière — sɑ̃dəvɑ̃dɛʀjɛʀ back to front

    aller dans le bon sens — [réformes, mesures] to be a step in the right direction

    2) ( signification) meaning

    cela n'a pas de sens — gén it doesn't make sense; (idiot, ridicule) it's absurd

    4) ( intuition) sense

    2.
    nom masculin pluriel senses
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••
    * * *
    sɑ̃s
    1. vb
    See:
    2. nm
    1) (= odorat, ouïe) sense
    2) (= instinct) sense

    Il a perdu tout sens critique. — He's lost all critical sense.

    Il n'a aucun sens esthétique. — He has no aesthetic sense.

    avoir le sens de... — to have a sense of...

    Je n'ai pas le sens de l'orientation. — I've got no sense of direction.

    avoir le sens de l'humour — to have a sense of humour Grande-Bretagne to have a sense of humor USA

    3) (= jugement)

    tomber sous le sens — to stand to reason, to be perfectly obvious

    en dépit du bon sens — contrary to all good sense, contrary to common sense

    4) (= signification) [mot, phrase] meaning, sense

    en un sens; dans un sens — in a way

    ça n'a pas de sens — it doesn't make sense, it doesn't make any sense

    5) (= direction) direction, way

    Il y aura des bouchons dans le sens Paris-Chartres. — There will be traffic jams going out of Paris towards Chartres., There will be traffic jams going out of Paris in the Chartres direction.

    dans l'autre sens — in the other direction, the other way

    dans tous les sens — in every direction, all over the place

    aller dans le bon sens — to go the right way, to go in the right direction

    dans le mauvais sens — the wrong way, in the wrong direction

    Tu tournes la poignée dans le mauvais sens. — You're turning the handle the wrong way., You're turning the handle in the wrong direction.

    3. nmpl
    1) (= facultés) senses

    reprendre ses sens — to come to, to regain consciousness

    2) (sensualité) senses
    * * *
    A nm inv
    1 ( direction) lit, fig direction, way; dans les deux sens in both directions; aller dans le bon/mauvais sens to go the right/wrong way, to go in the right/wrong direction; elle venait en sens inverse she was coming from the opposite direction; mouvement en sens contraire backward movement; en tous sens in all directions; dans le sens Paris-Lyon in the Paris to Lyons direction; dans le sens de la largeur widthways, across; dans le sens de la longueur lengthways, longways US; être dans le bon/mauvais sens to be the right/wrong way up; des flèches dans tous les sens arrows pointing in all directions; retourner un problème dans tous les sens to consider a problem from every angle; courir dans tous les sens to run all over the place; dans le sens de la marche facing the engine; dans le sens des fils Tex with the grain; sens dessus dessous ( à l'envers) upside down; ( en désordre) upside down; ( très troublé) very upset; sens devant derrière back to front; aller dans le bon sens [réformes, mesures] to be a step in the right direction; des mesures qui vont dans le sens de notre rapport measures which are in line with our report; le pays va dans le sens d'une plus grande indépendance the country is moving toward(s) greater independence; le sens de l'histoire the tide of history; nous travaillons dans ce sens that's what we are working toward(s); ces facteurs ont œuvré dans le sens d'une baisse these factors have contributed to a fall;
    2 ( d'une action) meaning; (de mythe, symbole) meaning; (de mot, d'expression) meaning; le sens figuré/littéral/péjoratif d'un mot the figurative/literal/pejorative sense of a word; employer un mot au sens propre/figuré to use a word literally/figuratively; avoir un sens péjoratif to be pejorative, to have a pejorative sense; le sens premier de qch the original meaning of sth; au sens large/strict du terme in the broad/strict sense of the word; au sens propre du terme literally; au sens fort du terme in the fullest sense of the word; c'est correct, dans tous les sens du terme it's correct, in every sense of the word; prendre tout son sens [remarque, titre] to take on its full meaning; en un sens in a sense; en ce sens que in the sense that; cela n'a pas de sens gén it doesn't make sense; (idiot, ridicule) it's absurd; cela n'a de sens que si tu restes it makes no sense unless you stay;
    3 Physiol sense; avoir un sens de l'odorat très développé to have a very keen sense of smell; recouvrer fml or retrouver l'usage de ses sens to regain consciousness; avoir un sixième sens fig to have a sixth sense;
    4 ( intuition) sense; sens du rythme/devoir sense of rhythm/duty; avoir le sens des responsabilités to have a sense of responsibility; avoir le sens de l'orientation to have a good sense of direction; avoir le sens pratique to be practical; ne pas avoir de sens pratique to be impractical; avoir peu de sens critique to be uncritical; avoir le sens de l'organisation to be a good organizer; ne pas avoir le sens du ridicule not to realize when one looks silly; avoir le sens des affaires to have a flair ou head for business; ton sens des affaires your business sense; ne pas avoir le sens de la langue to have no feeling for language; n'avoir aucun sens des réalités to live in a dream world.
    B nmpl senses; plaisirs des sens sensual pleasures.
    sens commun common sense; sens giratoire roundabout GB, traffic circle US; suivez le sens giratoire go round the roundabout GB, follow the traffic circle around US; sens de l'humour sense of humourGB; avoir le sens de l'humour to have a sense of humourGB; sens interdit ( panneau) no-entry sign; ( rue) one-way street; sens obligatoire ( panneau) one-way sign; sens unique ( panneau) one-way sign; ( rue) one-way street; c'est à sens unique lit it's one-way; fig it's one-sided.
    tomber sous le sens to be patently obvious.
    [sɑ̃s] verbe
    → link=sentir sentir
    ————————
    [sɑ̃s] nom masculin
    2. [instinct] sense
    bon sens, sens commun common sense
    ça tombe sous le sens it's obvious, it stands to reason
    3. [opinion]
    à mon sens, c'est impossible as I see it ou to my mind, it's impossible
    4. [signification - d'un mot, d'une phrase] meaning (substantif comptable), sense ; [ - d'une allégorie, d'un symbole] meaning (substantif comptable)
    lourd ou chargé de sens meaningful
    au sens propre/figuré in the literal/figurative sense
    5. [direction] direction
    dans tous les sens (sens propre) in all directions, all over the place
    pose l'équerre dans ce sens-là/l'autre sens lay the set square down this way/the other way round
    scier une planche dans le sens de la largeur/longueur to saw a board widthwise/lengthwise
    dans le sens nord-sud/est-ouest in a southerly/westerly direction
    fais demi-tour, on va dans le mauvais sens! turn round, we're going the wrong way ou in the wrong direction!
    a. [panneau] no-entry sign
    être ou rouler en sens interdit to be going the wrong way up/down a one-way street
    b. [décision] unilateral, one-sided
    6. (figuré) [orientation] line
    ————————
    [sɑ̃s] nom masculin pluriel
    [sensualité] (carnal) senses
    dans le sens où locution conjonctive
    dans un certain sens locution adverbiale
    → link=dansdans le sens où
    sens dessus dessous locution adverbiale
    sens devant derrière locution adverbiale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > sens

  • 16 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 17 Port Wine

       Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").
       Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.
       In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
       To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.
       The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Port Wine

  • 18 экологическая хронология

    1. environmental history

     

    экологическая хронология
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    environmental history
    A systematic and chronological account of past events and conditions relating to the ecosystem, its natural resources or, more generally, the external factors surrounding and affecting human life. (Source: TOE)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экологическая хронология

  • 19 Spain

       Portugal's independence and sovereignty as a nation-state are based on being separate from Spain. Achieving this on a peninsula where its only landward neighbor, Spain, is stronger, richer, larger, and more populous, raises interesting historical questions. Considering the disparity in size of population alone — Spain (as of 2000) had a population of 40 million, whereas Portugal's population numbered little over 10 million—how did Portugal maintain its sometimes precarious independence? If the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians succumbed to Castilian military and political dominance and were incorporated into greater Spain, how did little Portugal manage to survive the "Spanish menace?" A combination of factors enabled Portugal to keep free of Spain, despite the era of "Babylonian Captivity" (1580-1640). These include an intense Portuguese national spirit; foreign assistance in staving off Spanish invasions and attacks between the late 14th century and the mid l9th century, principally through the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance and some assistance from France; historical circumstances regarding Spain's own trials and tribulations and decline in power after 1600.
       In Portugal's long history, Castile and Leon (later "Spain," as unified in the 16th century) acted as a kind of Iberian mother and stepmother, present at Portugal's birth as well as at times when Portuguese independence was either in danger or lost. Portugal's birth as a separate state in the 12th century was in part a consequence of the king of Castile's granting the "County of Portucale" to a transplanted Burgundian count in the late 11th century. For centuries Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal struggled for supremacy on the peninsula, until the Castilian army met defeat in 1385 at the battle of Aljubarrota, thus assuring Portugal's independence for nearly two centuries. Portugal and its overseas empire suffered considerably under rule by Phillipine Spain (1580-1640). Triumphant in the War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68), Portugal came to depend on its foreign alliances to provide a counterweight to a still menacing kindred neighbor. Under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England (later Great Britain) managed to help Portugal thwart more than a few Spanish invasion threats in the next centuries. Rumors and plots of Spain consuming Portugal continued during the 19th century and even during the first Portuguese republic's early years to 1914.
       Following difficult diplomatic relations during Spain's subsequent Second Republic (1931-36) and civil war (1936-39), Luso-Span-ish relations improved significantly under the authoritarian regimes that ruled both states until the mid-1970s. Portugal's prime minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and Spain's generalissimo Francisco Franco signed nonaggression and other treaties, lent each other mutual support, and periodically consulted one another on vital questions. During this era (1939-74), there were relatively little trade, business, and cultural relations between the two neighbors, who mainly tended to ignore one another. Spain's economy developed more rapidly than Portugal's after 1950, and General Franco was quick to support the Estado Novo across the frontier if he perceived a threat to his fellow dictator's regime. In January 1962, for instance, Spanish army units approached the Portuguese frontier in case the abortive military coup at Beja (where a Portuguese oppositionist plot failed) threatened the Portuguese dictatorship.
       Since Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974, and the death of General Franco and the establishment of democracy in Spain (1975-78), Luso-Spanish relations have improved significantly. Portugal has experienced a great deal of Spanish investment, tourism, and other economic activities, since both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986.
       Yet, Portugal's relations with Spain have become closer still, with increased integration in the European Union. Portugal remains determined not to be confused with Spain, and whatever threat from across the frontier exists comes more from Spanish investment than from Spanish winds, marriages, and armies. The fact remains that Luso-Spanish relations are more open and mutually beneficial than perhaps at any other time in history.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spain

  • 20 Parseval, August von

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1861
    d. 22 February 1942 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German designer of tethered observation balloons and non-rigid airships.
    [br]
    Major von Parseval and his colleague Captain von Sigsfeld were serving in the German army during the 1890s when improved military observation from the air was being pursued. Tethered observation balloons, raised and lowered by a winch, had been used since 1794, but in strong winds a spherical balloon became very unstable. Manned kites were being developed by "Colonel" S.F. Cody, in Britain, and others, but kites were a problem if the wind dropped. A very successful compromise was achieved in 1897 by von Parseval and von Sigsfeld, who developed a kite-balloon, the Drachen ("Dragon"), which was elongated like an airship and fitted with large inflated fins. It was attached to its tethering cable in such a way that it flew with a positive incidence (nose up) to the wind, thus producing some lift—like a kite. The combination of these factors made the kite-balloon very stable. Other countries followed suit and a version designed by the Frenchman Albert Caquot was widely used during the First World War for observing the results of artillery fire. Caquot balloons were also used around London as a barrage to obstruct enemy aircraft, and "barrage balloons" were widely used during the Second World War. After working at a government balloon factory in Berlin where non-rigid airships were built, von Parseval designed his own non-rigid airship. The Parseval I which flew in 1906 was small, but larger and faster non-rigids followed. These were built by Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H. of Berlin founded in 1908 to build and operate Parseval airships. The British Admiralty ordered three Parseval airships, two to be built by Vickers of Barrow (who had built the rigid airship R 1 Mayfly in 1911), and one to be built in Berlin. This one was flown from Berlin to Farnborough in 1913 and joined the Vickers-built Parseval in the Naval Air Service. During the First World War, Parseval airships had the unique distinction of serving on both sides. Three small Parseval airships were built between 1929 and 1932 for use in advertising.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Hildebrandt, 1908, Airships Past and Present, London (describes the kite-balloon). Fred Gütschow, 1985, Das Luftschiff, Stuttgart (includes a record of all the airships). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).
    Basil Collier, 1974, The Airship: A History, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).

    Biographical history of technology > Parseval, August von

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